Which disorder can result from a mismatch between a person's circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake environment?

The correct answer is Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorder because this condition specifically arises when there is a misalignment between an individual's internal biological clock (circadian rhythms) and the external factors that influence sleep, such as light, work schedules, or social activities. This disorder can manifest in various forms, such as Delayed Sleep Phase Type, Advanced Sleep Phase Type, and Shift Work Type. Individuals may experience difficulties falling asleep or waking up at desired times, leading to insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness.

Understanding this disorder requires recognizing that the circadian rhythm governs sleep patterns and is heavily influenced by environmental cues. When these rhythms are disrupted—due to irregular sleep schedules or changes in the environment—individuals may struggle with their sleep-wake cycle, resulting in significant impairment in their functioning and health.