What symptom is characteristic of Major Depressive Episodes according to the criteria for both MDD and PDD?

Feelings of hopelessness are a core symptom of Major Depressive Episodes as outlined in the DSM-5 criteria for both Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD). This symptom reflects a pervasive sense of sadness and despair, which is a hallmark of depression and contributes significantly to the overall diagnosis.

In both disorders, the presence of feelings of hopelessness can manifest in ways such as negative thoughts about oneself, the future, and life circumstances. Such feelings can lead individuals to perceive their situation as bleak and unchangeable, often resulting in a lack of motivation and energy to engage in daily activities.

The other options listed do not align with the defining features of Major Depressive Episodes. Elevated mood, excessive self-esteem, and increased productivity are more characteristic of manic or hypomanic episodes, rather than being associated with the symptoms of depression. Understanding these distinctions is critical for accurately diagnosing and treating depressive disorders.